Qualitative Research Proposal (Thesis)

The study intended to reveal symptoms of holistic-contextual data collection from the natural background by using self-study as a key instrument. Qualitative research is descriptive and tend to use inductive analysis approach. Process and meaning (subject perspective) is more highlighted in qualitative research.

The characteristics of qualitative research coloring the nature and form of its report.Therefore, a qualitative research report is prepared in narrative form that is creative and insightful and shows characteristic naturalistic full of authenticity.

Qualitative Research Proposal Format

1. Context Research or Background

This section contains a description of the background research, to what purpose this peelitian done, and what / who is directing the study. (See also make a preliminary thesis)

2. The focus of research or Problem Formulation

The focus of the study contains detailed statements about the scope or the main topics that will be revealed / explored in this study. When used the term formulation of the problem, the focus of research includes the questions will be answered in the research and reasons for filing questions. These questions are asked to find out what the picture will be revealed in the field. The questions posed must be supported by reasons why it is displayed.

These reasons should be stated clearly, in accordance with the holistic nature of qualitative research, inductive, and naturalistic, which means very close to the phenomenon being studied. These questions submitted after a preliminary study in the field.

3. Research Objectives

The purpose of this research is the outcome targets to be achieved in this study, according to the focus that has been formulated.

4. Platform Theory

The foundation of the theory used as a guide for the focus of research in accordance with the reality on the ground. Besides theoretical basis is also beneficial to provide an overview of the background research and a discussion of research results. There are fundamental differences between the role of basic theory in quantitative research with qualitative research. In quantitative research, the study departs from theory to data, and ends on the acceptance or rejection of the theory used, while in qualitative research the researcher is based on the data, utilizing the existing theories as explanatory material, and ends with a "theory".

5. Usability Research

In this section demonstrated usefulness or importance of research, especially for the development of science or the implementation of development in a broad sense. In other words, the description section usefulness in the feasibility study contains reasons for the problem under study. From the description in this section is expected to be concluded that research on selected problems are feasible.

6. Research Methods

This chapter contains a description of the methods and measures concerning operational research approach to the study, the presence of investigators, research sites, data sources, data collection procedures, data analysis, checking the validity of the data, and the stages of research.

a. Approach and Type Research

In part II, researchers need to explain that the approach used is a qualitative approach, and include brief reasons why this approach is used. It also raised theoretical orientation, that is the foundation of thinking to understand the meaning of a symptom, such as phenomenology, symbolic interaction, culture, etnometodologis, or art criticism (hermeneutics). Researchers also need to express what type of research used ethnographic, case studies, grounded theory, interactive, ecological, participatory action research, or research class.

b. Attendance Researchers

In this section it should be mentioned that the researcher acting as an instrument as well as data collectors. Instruments other than humans can also be used, but its function is limited as supporting researcher duties as an instrument. Therefore, the presence of researchers in the field for qualitative research is absolutely necessary. The presence of these investigators should be described explicitly in laopran research. Important to clarify whether the role of the researcher as a full participant, participant observer, or a full observer. In addition, it should be mentioned whether the presence of the researcher in mind its status as a researcher by the subject or informant.

c. Research Sites

Description of study sites filled with identification characteristics of the location and reason for selecting the location and how the researcher to enter the site. The location should be clearly described, for example geographical location, physical structure (if necessary included a map of the location), organizational structure, programs, and everyday situations. Site selection should be based on considerations of attractiveness, uniqueness, and compatibility with the chosen topic. With the selection of this location, the researchers expected to find things that are meaningful and new. The researcher is not quite right if megutarakan reasons as close to home researcher, researchers have worked on it, or the researcher has to know key people.

d. Source Data

In this section reported the type of data, data sources, data da crawl technique with adequate information. The description includes what data is collected, how their characteristics, who are used as research subjects and informants, how the characteristics of subjects and informants, and with the way data is enmeshed, so that credibility can be guaranteed. For example Dragnet data from informants selected by the snowball technique (snowball sampling).

The term sampling in qualitative research should be used with great caution. In qualitative research the purpose of sampling is to obtain as much information as possible, not to do rampatan (generalization). Sampling was charged in the situation, subjects, informants, and time.

e. Data Collection Procedures

In this section described the data collection techniques used, such as participant observation, depth interviews, and documentation. There are two dimensions of data records: fidelitas da structure. Fidelitas connotes the extent to which evidence from the field are presented (audio or video recordings have fidelitas high, whereas the field notes have fidelitas less). Dimensional structure to explain the extent to which interviews and observations conducted in a systematic and structured. Matters concerning the type of recording, data recording summary format, and recording procedures described in this section. Also noted are ways to ensure the validity of the data by triangulation and the time required in data collection.

f. Data Analysis

In the data analysis process described systematically tracking and setting interview transcripts, field notes and other materials for researchers to present findings. This analysis involves the processing, organizing, solving and synthesis of data and the search for patterns, disclosure is important, and determining what was reported. In qualitative research, data analysis performed during and after data collection, with techniques such as domain analysis, taxonomic analysis, komponensial analysis, and analysis of themes. In this case, researchers can use nonparametric statistics, logic, ethics, or aesthetics. In the description of this data analysis operations in order to be given examples, such as matrix and logic. (See analysis)

g. Checking Validity of Findings

This section contains a description of the efforts of researchers to obtain the validity of its findings. Findings and interpretations in order to obtain valid, it is necessary to study its credibility by using the techniques of the presence of researchers in the field extension, which deepened observation, triangulation (using multiple sources, methods, research, theory), the discussion of peers, negative case analysis, compliance tracking results , and member checks. Further checks can be done at least transferred to another setting (transferrability), dependence on the context (dependability), and can at least be confirmed to the source (confirmability).

h. Research stages

This section menguraikann process of conducting research ranging from preliminary studies, design development, research in fact, until the writing of the report.

7. References

Library materials are included in the reference list should have been mentioned in the text. This means that library materials are only used as reading material but not referred to in the text are not included in the reference list. Conversely, all library materials mentioned in the thesis, thesis, and dissertation must be included in the reference list.Procedure for writing the reference list.

Elements that are written in sequence include:

1. author's name written in this order: last name, first name, middle name, without academic degrees,

2. year of publication

3. title, including subtitle

4. city where the publishing, and

5. name of the publisher.

Quantitative Research Proposal (Thesis)

A study which basically uses deductive-inductive approach. This approach departs from a theoretical framework, the notion of experts, or understanding the researcher based on her experiences, later developed into the problems and their solutions-the solutions proposed to obtain justification (verification) in the form of empirical data support in the field.

Quantitative Research Proposal Format

1. Background

In this section noted the gap between expectation and reality, both theoretical gap or gaps underlying practical problems examined. In the background of this issue briefly described the theory, research findings, conclusions and discussion of scientific seminars or experience / personal observation closely linked with the subject matter studied. Thus, the problem of getting chosen for the research foundation more solid footing. (See the introduction)

2. Problem Formulation

Formulation of the problem is an attempt to state explicitly the questions you want to look for the answer. Formulation of the problem is a complete and detailed statement about the scope of issues to be examined based on the identification and restriction problems. The formulation of the problem should be formulated in a brief, concise, clear and manifested in a question sentence. A good formulation of the problem will reveal the variables studied, the type or nature of the relationship between these variables, and subjects. In addition, the formulation of the problem should be tested empirically, in the sense that allows collected data to answer the questions posed. Example: Is there a relationship between intelligence level of junior high students with their academic achievement in mathematics lesson?. (Tips for making the formulation of the problem)

3. Research Objectives

The purpose of the study revealed the target to be achieved in the research. The content and formulation of research objectives based on the content and formulation of research problems. The difference lies in how to formulate it. Research problems are formulated using squid sentence, while the formulation of research objectives set forth in the form of sentence statement. Example: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between intelligence level of junior high school students with their academic achievement in mathematics lesson.

4. Research Hypothesis (if any)

Not all quantitative research requires a hypothesis of the study. Kluantitatif research that is exploratory, descriptive and does not require the hypothesis. Therefore the research hypothesis section should not exist in the thesis, thesis, or dissertation results of quantitative research. The procedural hypothesis proposed study after researchers conducted literature review, because the research hypothesis is a summary of the theoretical conclusions obtained from literature review. The hypothesis is a temporary answer to the problem of theoretical research that is considered most likely and highest level of truth. But technically, the research hypotheses stated in Chapter I (Introduction) for the relationship between the problems studied and possible answers become clearer. Based on this, then in the background of the problem is there should be an exposition of the relevant literature review in a concise form.

The formulation of the hypothesis should be definitive or directional. That is, in the formulation of hypotheses not only mentioned the existence of relationships or differences antarvariabel, but has shown the nature of relationships or circumstances that difference. Example: There is a positive relationship between level of intelligence junior high students with their academic achievement in mathematics lesson.

If formulated in the form of the distinction of being: Students whose level of junior high intelligence have higher academic achievement in mathematics lesson as compared to the level of intelligence is. The formulation of the hypothesis that both should be: (a) declare linkage between two or more variables, (b) set forth in the form of a question sentence, (c) formulated a short, dense, and clear, and (d) can be tested empirically.

5. Usability Research

In this section demonstrated usefulness or importance of research, especially for the development of science or the implementation of development in a broad sense. In other words, the description section usefulness in the feasibility study contains reasons for the problem under study. From the description in this section is expected to be concluded that research on selected problems are feasible.

6. Research Assumptions (if necessary)

Assumption of research is basic assumptions about a matter that made footing think and act in conducting the research. For example, researchers propose the assumption that a person's attitude can be measured using the attitude scale. In this case he did not need to prove the truth of things diasumsikannya it, but can immediately take advantage of the attitude measurement results obtained. Assumptions can be either substantive or methodological. Substantive Assumptions related to research problems, while the methodological assumptions with regard to research methodology.

7. Research Scope and Limitations

Presented on the scope of the variables studied, the population or the subject of research, and research sites. In this section the translation of variables can also be presented along with indicators subvariabel. Limitations of the study do not have to exist in the thesis, theses, and dissertations. However, limitations are often necessary for readers to respond to the findings of the study in accordance with existing conditions.Limitations of the study refers to a situation that can not be avoided in the study.Limitations often faced about two things. First, the limited scope of review that had to be done for reasons of procedural, technical research, or due to logistical factors. Second, the limitations of the research is a constraint that comes from customs, traditions, ethics and beliefs that are not possible for researchers to find the desired data.

8. Operational Definition of Terms or Definitions

Definition of terms or the operational definition is needed if it is predicted there will be differences in understanding or kekurangjelasan meaning of the term if the assertion is not given. Terms that need to be given emphasis are terms associated with basic concepts contained in the thesis, thesis, or dissertation. Criteria that a term containing the main concept is that if the term is closely related to the problem under study or research variables. The definition of the term conveyed directly, in the sense of not described its origin. The definition of the term is more focused on the understanding given by the researchers.

Definition of terms to form the operational definition of variables to be studied.Operational definition is a definition based on the properties of things that defined which can be observed. Indirectly it will appoint an operational definition of data-making tool suitable for use or reference to how to measure suatui variables. Examples of operational definitions of variables "arithmetic achievement" is competence in the field of arithmetic which include add, subtract, multiply, divide, and use a decimal. The preparation of the operational definition needs to be done because teramatinya concepts or constructs being investigated will facilitate measurement. In addition, the preparation of an operational definition allows other people do similar things so that what is done by the researcher open to be tested again by other people. (See Glossary)

9. Research Methods

Subjects contained in this chapter the research method most do not cover aspects (1) research design, (2) population and sample, (3) research instruments, (4) data collection, and (5) data analysis.

a. Design Research

A description of the design or design research that is used needs to be given to each type of research, especially experimental research. The research design is defined as a strategy to set the background research for researchers to obtain valid data in accordance with the characteristics of variables and research purposes. In experimental research, research design chosen was the most memungkinkkan researchers to control for other variables that allegedly participated effect on bound variables. Selection of research design in experimental research is always based on the hypothesis to be tested. In noneksperimental research, discussion in the research design section contains a description of the type of research conducted in terms of the purpose and nature, whether exploratory research, descriptive, explanatory, survey, or historical research, correlational, and causal comparison. In addition, the section also describes the variables included in the study and the nature of the relationship between these variables. (See some errors in the design penelitiian)

b. Population and Sample

The terms population and sample appropriately used when taking a sample of research conducted as a subject of research. But if the goal of research is all members of the population, would be more suitable term research subject, especially in experimental research. In the survey, data sources commonly called the respondent and in qualitative research informants or subjects referred to depending on how the data retrieval.Accurate explanations about the characteristics of the study population should be given for sample size and the way of uptake can be precisely determined. The aim is that the selected sample truly representative, in a sense to reflect the population accurately.Sample representativeness is the most important criteria in the selection of the sample in relation to the intention to generalize the results of the study sample of the population.If the state of the different samples with kakarteristik population, the greater the possibility of errors in generalizations. So, the things discussed in the Population and the sample is (a) the identification and the limits of the population, or the subject of research, (b) procedures and techniques of sampling, and (c) the size of the sample.

c. Research instruments

In this section presented the instruments used to measure the variables under study.After that then presented the data collection instrument development procedure or selection of equipment and materials used in research. In this way will be seen whether the instruments used in accordance with the variables measured, at least in terms of its content. A good instrument juag must meet the requirements of reliability. In the thesis, dissertation, especially, should have a part that explains the process of instrument validation. If the instruments used are not made by the researchers, there remains an obligation to report the level of validity and reliability of instruments used. Another thing that needs to be disclosed in the research instrument is a way of scoring or codes to each item question / statement. For tools and materials should be carefully noted the technical specifications of the equipment used and the characteristics of materials used.

In the exact sciences research instrument terms are sometimes seen as less appropriate because it covers the whole thing has not been used in research. Therefore, the research instrument section can be replaced with equipment and materials.

d. Data Collection

This section outlines (a) the steps taken by dab technique used to collect data, (b) the qualifications and the number of officers involved in the process of data collection, and (c) the implementation timetable of data collection. If researchers use another person as executor of data collection, needs to be explained how the selection and effort to prepare them to perform tasks. The process of getting permission to study, meet with local authorities, and other similar things do not need to be reported, although not to be missed in the process of implementation research.

e. Data Analysis

This section describes the type of statistical analysis used. Judging from the method, there are two kinds of statistics that can be chosen, namely descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. In inferential statistics contained parametrikdan nonparametric statistics. Selection of data analysis is largely determined by the type of data collected by fixed oriented goals to be achieved or about to be tested hypotheses. Therefore, the principal to be considered in the analysis is the accuracy of data analysis techniques, rather than sophistication. Some parametric statistical analysis techniques are more sophisticated and therefore capable of providing more accurate information when compared with similar analysis techniques in nonparametric statistics. Application of parametric statistics are appropriate must meet several requirements (assumptions), whereas the application of nonparametric statistics do not demand certain requirements.

In addition to the explanation of the types or data analysis techniques used, should also explain why his election. If the selected data analysis techniques are well known, then the discussion is not necessary at length. Conversely, if the data analysis technique used are not often used (less popular), then the description of the analysis needs to be given in greater detail. When used in this analysis should be mentioned computer programs, such as SPSS for Windows.

(See analysis)

10. Base

In the theory of scientific activities, suspected or temporary answer to a problem must use scientific knowledge (science) as the basis for arguments in assessing the problem. This is intended to obtain reliable answers. Before the researchers hypothesized shall examine the theories and research findings relevant to the issue under study presented at the foundation of theory or literature review. For theses and dissertations, the theory under study not only supports the theory, but also theories that are contrary to a frame of mind of researchers. Literature review contains two main things, namely the theoretical description of the object (variable) under study and the conclusions of the study which, among other arguments in the form of hypotheses have been proposed Chapter I.

To be able to provide a theoretical description of the variables studied, it is necessary to in-depth study of theory. Furthermore, the argument over the proposed hypothesis requires researchers to integrate theory was chosen as the basis of research with the results of the study of relevant research findings. Discussion of the results of the study was not conducted separately in a separate section. The materials on literature review can be raised from various sources such as research journals, dissertations, theses, theses, research reports, textbooks, papers, reports and discussion of scientific seminars, official government publications and other agencies. It would be better if the theoretical study and review of research findings based on primary literature sources, namely the contents of library materials based on research findings. Secondary literature sources can be used as support. For the dissertation, based on literature review it can be identified position and role of research being conducted in the context of the broader issues as well as contributions that may be given to the development of science-related. At the end of the literature review in thesis and dissertation should have a separate section that contains an explanation of the views or frame of mind that used by researchers who studied these theories. The selection of library materials that will be assessed based on two criteria, namely (1) the principle of currency (except for historical research) and (2) the principle of relevance. Currency principle is important because science is growing rapidly. An effective theory at one period may have been abandoned in the next period. With the currency principle, researchers can argue based on the theories that at that time considered the most representative. The same applies also to review research reports. The principle of relevance is needed to produce a literature review are closely related to the problems examined.

11. References

Library materials are included in the reference list should have been mentioned in the text. This means that library materials are only used as reading material but not referred to in the text are not included in the reference list. Conversely, all library materials mentioned in the thesis, thesis, and dissertation must be included in the reference list.Procedure for writing the reference list. Elements that are written in sequence include: 1.author's name written in this order: last name, first name, middle name, without academic degrees, 2. year of publication 3. title, including subtitle 4. city where the publishing, and 5. name of the publisher.

For Children Like Reading

Not difficult, really, generate interest and reading habits in children. What is important, parents also have interest in it. The book is a window of the world. As soon as the saying goes. That is why it is important to grow interest in reading in children. And in fact, interest in reading has grown since the child can exist in the age of babyhood. Namely since the child can be invited to communicate and can express. "Although it has been limited vocabulary," said Dra. Gerda K. Wanei, FKIP MPsi from Atma Jaya Catholic University Jakarta.

It is the duty of parents to direct their children to have the interest and reading habits.Parents, Lee Tzu Pheng writes in his book, Teach Your Child to Read, is the most effective teacher for children, especially preschoolers. "What the parents to help their children at this age will bring further consequences for child development, including studying the ability to read," he writes further.
Benefits
By having interest and reading habits, said Gerda, in addition to developing brain, the child also will have a good attitude. "He was so able to think more rationally and have a broader insight. It is also more self-control."

In other languages, reading habit will enrich one's self to prepare it into a more human quality. "At a minimum, this is what parents must realize that they can start growing interest in reading from home," said Chairman of the Department of Guidance & Counselling Guidance and Counseling Atma Jaya Catholic University Jakarta.

For that, parents should also take stock-equipped psychologically in the sense of enrichment literature, insight, and so forth. "For example, they know when kids get in on the Chatterbox age, the age children begin to always ask you something," said Gerda.

What often happens, parents consider their children precisely because of incessant nag ask. In fact, if children are given directives, for example by familiarizing reading, children will be directed more to foster intellectual concepts. So, said Gerda, parents should not only pay attention to physiological needs or physical needs while the attention of child psychological needs only a little.
Picture book

However, in growing interest in reading, Gerda message, "Do not be a serious manner, but with the play." Remember, the age of the children are age play. By playing, children become happy. If it's happy, then he will be more interested. Thus, the habit of reading will be stronger form.
For example, through storytelling. "Storytelling is one of the stages to generate interest in reading a child, so that reading can be a hobby for children," said Gerda. Moreover, as written Lee Tzu Pheng, the experiences of living in a fairy tale and an introduction to life through stories is a valuable thing you can offer to children. Through storytelling, children will learn about life and people, and more importantly, about what he could do.

Also, introduce children to reading picture books. Why a picture? Because children this age are entering the world of fantasy. In addition, the image of the child will learn about the message. Therefore, images that become the focus should be big and the message given rise.
For example, for children aged 2-3 years, should the sentence in the book not too long."Just 2 or 3 words. When the children were older and had more vocabulary too, could be even longer sentence," said Gerda. The sentence should also be a single sentence, do not start with compound sentences. The form letters also have a standard letter, not strange.

Select the reading associated with children's self as the center. For example, family life, culture around like the town where the child lived, the traditional markets, supermarkets, and so forth. The aim is to introduce the next environment on the child.

After that, reading the child could be expanded. For example, a book about life in the countryside, life at sea, and so forth.

Learning Reading How about teaching children to read? It should also be a way that is not serious. So, not like teaching elementary school children are learning directly through the writing, but by reading images. For example, the image house. Above or below the image that marked the word "home". That way, while playing the child will begin to recognize the concept. "It will tickle your child to learn to read," said Gerda. Thus, children who have reached maturity to read, so see the magazine picture will immediately pull his mother to read. Finally arise habit, that reading is a necessity.
He also reminded, teach children to read not by way of introducing the letters off. For example, the "r-u" together with "ru". Because, there are certain sounds that can not be expressed in children. From these examples, because the "h" was introduced as "ha", the combination which was read into the wrong child. Supposed to be "home" to "rumaha". In addition, introducing a loose letter will also make the child difficult to read. "Because he had to spell out a letter, rather than introducing an image as a unitary structure," said Gerda. The truth is that children are introduced to a structure of totality. For example, the "house" was introduced as "ru" and "mah". This is called the SAS method, namely Structural Analytical Synthetic. "The structure is 'home', dianalisakan become 'home' and 'house', then become a synthesis or incorporation."

The same syllables were given the same color. For example, "ru" in blue. Then find the pictures that start with "ru". For example, picture a boy named "Rudi". Thus, the child will be able to associate. "Children who are already mature visualization and concepts to make the association will find insight. So it came to pass that insight learning or learning with understanding, without having to be forced."

It should, further Gerda, was already thought out a method of reading is the reference standard so as not to confuse. "Do not let parents use method A, while the teacher uses the method of B. Thus, there must be one standard method. Teachers teach with methods A, parents teach also by the method of A. To avoid confusion."

Create Atmosphere Ideally, to nurture students' interests and reading habits, the family needs to have a reading room like a small library. "Wardrobe book can stimulate the child to get accustomed to regard the book as a medium. So there is intrinsic motivation that can tickle the child to want to know and be interested in these media," said Gerda. Of course this does not mean you are then forced myself to make a small library while financial conditions are not possible. Because actually the most important thing is how parents can create an atmosphere of reading for children. For example, parents have the habit of reading. "If children like to see her mother or her father liked to read a lot of reading, then its children are also curious. But if her mother and father got home from work directly watch television, how the interests and reading habits in children can be created?"
In other words, if the child has been accustomed since childhood that reading is an internal need encouragement and he felt it as an incentive for him, then he will be happy to look for new books. But if he does not feel the interaction in the process of reading as a necessity, it was difficult to have the ability to think critically.

Parents should also discuss with the child about a particular reading, so that the wishes of children to read will grow. This will greatly help the child later on a higher education level, to think critically and have a wide repertoire of literature. To remember, the message Lee Tzu Pheng, undivided attention of parents on children's interests would be books far more effective to give encouragement to the child, rather than parental ability in speaking, reading, and storytelling.
Well, from now on the agenda include expenditures for purchasing books for your baby, yes, ma'am, sir!

Increasingly Interested In order to lure children:

1. Make your home as a place where children can get all kinds of reading. Of course you do not have to buy everything. You can borrow from the library. Put the books in a place that is easy to reach children.

2. Involve children while looking for books in the library or buy at the bookstore. Let him see you reading. By doing so, he will need a reading as part of his life as his parents did.

3. When you give something to the little book, you also must know its contents. So that children will know that you also read at the same time enjoy reading.

4. Give the child as his own readings, including a place to store his books were. This makes it accepted the book as a part of him and will make it as a "toy" as well as his other toys. You can help write his name in his books, so he felt more and more books are indeed hers.

5. Teach he keeps his books. By instilling this attitude, he will take care of the books, though not hers, because she felt that the book should be treated. Separate where borrowing books from the library and what is not. Teach children to better care for borrowing books, because books are still needed by others.

6. Make it a habit to give a gift of books. For example, when your child's birthday. This will make the child feel that the book is valuable objects.

7. Provide a special time to move with the book. For example, tell stories, read poetry, or each family member to read on their own.

8. Membacalah wherever they may be. Take books wherever you and your child to go such as when waiting at the doctor's clinic. So that children can remove the boredom and find pleasure in reading.